Aortic dissection is a serious condition that can be fatal. While it can be caused by high blood pressure, it’s intriguing to discover how it can affect it. What is the aortic dissection effect on blood pressure?

Aortic dissection can result in a blood pressure difference larger than 20 mmHg between the limbs on the right and left side of the body. In addition, it can cause low blood pressure caused by decreased blood flow or an interruption. Although they are common, a difference between the limbs or low BP doesn’t have to be present during an aortic dissection.

There are many ways an aortic dissection is diagnosed. A patient’s blood pressure can help determine if one has occurred, especially in cases without the typical pain. This article will inform you all ways BP is affected. In addition, you might be surprised to learn how much of a difference between arms were recorded in actual cases.

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How Aortic Dissection Affects Blood Pressure

Depending on the location of the aortic dissection along the aorta, blood pressure may be different between the left and right arms or legs. Without a dissection, a slight difference is normal. It’s not unusual to have a difference up to 10 mmHg. A larger difference could indicate several medical conditions, including aorta dissection ¹. This is one of many reasons why blood pressure should be taken in both arms, especially in the first physician visit ². I wrote about this in detail in my blog post, Which Arm To Take Blood Pressure. Regardless of aortic dissection, you’ll want to find out why both arms should be measured.

A case report, published in 2016, tells a story of a 35 year-old woman who was admitted into intensive care. She was suffering from a structural heart disorder and related lung complications. Their initial investigation determined blood pressure was significantly higher on the left arm. Testing showed she had an abdominal aorta dissection. They didn’t mention how much higher the BP on the left arm was. Unfortunately, after surgery and treatment, she passed away ten days later ³.

A report, published in 2013, informs us of a 68 year-old female who was checked into the emergency department. When they checked her blood pressure, she was found to have dangerously high blood pressure. On her left arm, blood pressure was 206/102 mmHg and her right arm measured 243/129 mmHg. Her diagnosis was an underlying aortic aneurysm and chronic aortic dissection ⁴. The patient was treated and was monitored for at least two more years.

In 2006, a 63 year-old woman fainted in her home and was removed to the hospital. It was determined she suffered from an aortic dissection. During the initial examination, her blood pressure showed a difference of 40 mmHg between her right and left arms. Her left arm measured 110/70 mmHg and her right arm 70/30 mmHg ⁵.

A man in his early 60s was admitted into the hospital and diagnosed with a thoracic aortic dissection. His right arm blood pressure was 152/68 mmHg and his left arm was 167/62 mmHg, a 15 mmHg difference. He received surgery and was discharged four days later in stable condition ⁶.

While blood pressure differences between the limbs are a common symptom, when its absent, aortic dissection cannot be ruled out. In a case study of 102 patients, 62% did not have pulse or blood pressure differences between the left and right side ⁷.

Why Aortic Dissection Causes Blood Pressure Higher or Lower in One Arm or Leg

To understand how blood pressure is affected, it’s important to describe what happens during an aortic dissection. The aorta, which is the largest artery in the body, carries oxygen rich blood from the heart to your body. It’s about an inch in diameter and a foot long, similar to a garden hose. It rises up from the left side of the heart, curves over it and travels down through the chest to the stomach area.

An aortic dissection occurs when the inner layer of the aorta tears. The blood flows through the tear causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to separate from each other. The area between the two separated layers fills with blood. If the blood breaks through the outer wall of the aorta, the rupture often causes death.

The tear can occur in the upper part of the aorta, known as type A, or the lower part, called Type B. The Type A is more common and dangerous. The dissection can lead to internal bleeding, organ damage or heart valve damage.

The dissection can interrupt the blood flow throughout the body. If the blood flow to the brain is decreased, it can lead to a stroke. Most patients complain of severe pain in the stomach, chest or back. There may be shortness of breath, weakness and pain in the legs or arms. The changes in blood flow to different parts of the body can cause the differences in blood pressure between the right or left side of the body ⁸.

Does Aortic Dissection Raise or Lower Blood Pressure?

Research has shown in some cases blood pressure is high while in others, low blood pressure is one of the symptoms ⁹. An aortic dissection can decrease blood flow which results in low blood pressure ¹⁰.

A study released in 2009, examined aortic dissection cases over the prior 15 years. A higher percentage of patients younger than 40 years in age did not have high blood pressure. Patients who were aged 70 or more years were found to have blood pressure equal or higher than 150/90 mmHg ¹¹.

The story of a 57 year-old woman with an aortic dissection was published in 2020. She was removed to the hospital because she suddenly collapsed while undergoing therapy for an ankle injury. In the hospital, her blood pressure measurement was 87/53 mmHg. Luckily, she was checked out of the hospital nine days later after surgery ⁷.

How Aortic Dissection Treatment Can Affect Blood Pressure

After a diagnosis of an aortic dissection is made, one of the main treatments is to control the tear in the aorta. To accomplish this, blood pressure is reduced as much as possible. Typically, beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers is prescribed to lower it.

There is much pain with an aortic dissection. The pain and stress can cause blood pressure to rise, and that’s the last thing anyone wants. Pain medications will typically be prescribed to help control the stress of the pain which can help keep BP lower ⁸.

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